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GENEL GERİLİM TEORİSİ TÜRKİYE’DEKİ GENÇ SOSYAL SAPMASINI AÇIKLAR MI?

Year 2011, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 107 - 129, 05.04.2012

Abstract

Bu çalışma Genel Gerilim Teori‘sinin Türkiye‘de genç sapmasını açıklayıp-açıklayamadığını keşfetmeyi amaçlamaktadır. İlgili teori, korelasyon analizi yardımı ile, 974 üniversite öğrencisi örneği yardımı ile test edilmiştir. Genç sapması korsancılık, rüşvet ve kopya çekme davranışlarını içermektedir. Araştırmada kullanılan toplam on iki gerilim/stres değişkenlerinden sadece altısı istatistiksel olarak önemli ve bağımlı değişkenler üzerinde beklenen pozitif etkileri göstermişlerdir. Kızgınlık sadece bir değişkenle (beklenen) pozitif korelasyona sahiptir. Çoğu suçu kolaylaştırıcı ve suçu önleyici faktörler beklenen etkileri göstermiştir. Genel olarak, veriler Genel Gerilim Teori‘sini kısmen desteklemiştir. İleride yapılacak araştırmalar teoriyi test ederken daha fazla negatif duygulara yer vermeli, gerilim indeks halinde kullanmalı, cinsiyet temelinde analizler yapmalıdır

References

  • Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30, 47-87.
  • Agnew, R. (2006). Pressured Into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory, Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Company.
  • Agnew, R. (2009). General Strain Theory: Current Status and Directions for Further Research In F. T. Cullen, J. P. Wright, & K. R. Blevins (Eds.), Taking Stock: The Status of Criminological Theory, Vol.15 (p. 101-121), New Brunswick: Transaction.
  • Agnew, R., & White, H. R. (1992). An empirical test of general strain theory. Criminology, 30, 475-499.
  • Agnew, R., Brezina, T., Wright, J. P., & Cullen, F. T. (2002). Strain, personality traits, and delinquency: Extending general strain theory. Criminology, 40, 43-72.
  • Aseltine, H. R., Jr., Gore, S., & Gordon, J. (2000). Life stress, anger and anxiety, and delinquency: An empirical test of general strain theory. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 256-275.
  • Bao, W., Haas, A., & Pi, Y. (2004). Life strain, negative emotions, and delinquency: An empirical test of general strain theory in the people‘s republic of China. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48, 281-297.
  • Bao, W., & Pi, Y. (2007). Life strain, coping, and delinquency in the people‘s republic of China: An empirical test of general strain theory from a matching perspective in social support. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 51, 9-24.
  • Baron, W. S. (2004). General strain, street youth and crime: A test of Agnew‘s revised theory. Criminology, 42, 457-438.
  • Baron, W. S. (2007). Street youth, gender, financial strain, and crime: Exploring Broidy and Agnew‘s extension to general strain theory. Deviant Behavior, 28, 273-302.
  • Baron, W. S. (2008). Street youth, unemployment, and crime: Is it that simple? Using general strain theory to untangle the relationship. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 50, 399-434.
  • Baron, W. S., & Hartnagel, T. F. (1997). Attributions, affect, and crime: Street youths‘ reactions to unemployment. Criminology, 35, 409-434.
  • Belknap, J., & Holsinger, K. (2006). The gendered nature of risk factors for delinquency. Feminist Criminology, 1, 48-71.
  • Benda, B. B., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). The effect of abuse in childhood and in adolescence on violence among adolescents. Youth & Society, 33, 339-365.
  • Brezina, T., Piquero, Alex R., & Mazerolle, P. (2001). Student anger and aggressive behavior in school: An initial test of Agnew‘s macro-level strain theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 362-386.
  • Burton, S. V. Jr., & Gregory, D. (1994). Strain, Relative Deprivation, and Middle Class Delinquency In G. Barak (Ed.), Varieties of Criminology (p. 79-95). Westport: Praeger.
  • Burton, S. V. Jr., Cullen, F. T., Evans, T. D., & Dunaway, R. G. (1994). Reconsidering strain theory: Operationalization, rival theories, and adult criminality. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 10, 213-239.
  • Capowich, E. G., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (2001). General strain theory, situational anger, and social networks: An assessment of conditioning influences. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29, 445-461.
  • Daigle, E. L., Cullen, F. T., & Wright, J. P. (2007). Gender differences in the predictors of juvenile delinquency: Assessing the generality-specificity debate. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 5, 254-286.
  • Eitle, D., & Turner, J. R. (2002). Exposure to community violence and young adult crime: The effects of witnessing violence, traumatic victimization, and other stressful life events. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39, 214-237.
  • Eitle, D., & Turner, J. R. (2003). Stress exposure, race, and young adult male crime. The Sociological Quarterly, 44, 243-269.
  • Eitle, D., Gunkel, S., & Gundy, K. V. (2004). Cumulative exposure to stressful life events and male gang membership. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32, 95-111.
  • Farnworth, M., & Leiber, M. J. (1989). Strain theory revisited: Economic goals, educational means, and delinquency. American Sociological Review, 54, 263-274.
  • Froggio, G., & Agnew, R. (2006). The relationship between crime and ―objective‖ versus ―subjective‖ strains. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 81-87.
  • Hay, C. (2003). Family strain, gender, and delinquency. Sociological Perspectives, 46, 107-135.
  • Hoffman, P. J., & Miller, A. S. (1998). A latent variable analysis of general strain theory. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14, 83-110.
  • Hoffman, P. J., & Cerbone, F. G. (1999). Stressful life events and delinquency escalation in early adolescence. Criminology, 37, 343-374.
  • Hoffman, P. J., & Su, S. S. (1997). The conditional effects of stress on delinquency and drug use: A strain theory assessment of sex differences. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 46-78.
  • Jang, J. S., & Johnson, B. R. (2003). Strain, negative emotions, and deviant coping among African Americans: A test of general strain theory. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, 79-105.
  • Johnson, C. M, & Kercher, G. A. (2007). Adhd, strain, and criminal behavior: A test of general strain theory. Deviant Behavior, 28, 131-152.
  • Landau, F. S. (1998). Crime, subjective social stress and support indicators, and ethnic origin: The Israeli experience. Justice Quarterly, 15, 243-272.
  • Liu, X., R., & Lin, W. (2007). Delinquency among chinese adolescents: Modeling sources of frustration and gender differences. Deviant Behavior, 28, 409- 432.
  • Maxwell, R. S. (2001). A focus on familial strain: Antisocial behavior and delinquency in Pilipino society. Sociological Inquiry, 71, 265-92.
  • Mazerolle, P. (1998). Gender, general strain, and delinquency: An empirical examination. Justice Quarterly, 15, 65-91.
  • Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1997). Violent responses to strain: An examination of conditioning influences. Violence and Victims, 12, 323-343.
  • Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Linking exposure to strain with anger: An investigation of deviant adaptations. Journal of Criminal Justice, 26, 195- 211.
  • Mazerolle, P., Burton, V. S., Jr., Cullen, F. T., Evans, D. T., & Payne, G. L. (2000). Strain, anger, and delinquent adaptations: Specifying general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 28, 89-101.
  • Mesch, S. G., Fishman, G., & Eisikovits, Z. (2003). Attitudes supporting violence and aggressive behavior among adolescents in Israel: The role of family and peers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 1132-1148.
  • Morash, M., & Moon, B. (2007). Gender differences in the effects of strain on the delinquency of South Korean youth. Youth & Society, 38, 300-321.
  • Moon, B., Blurton, D., & McCluskey, J. D. (2008). ―General strain theory and delinquency: Focusing on the influences of key strain charecteristics on delinquency.‖ Crime & Delinquency, 54, 582-613.
  • Moon, B., Hwang, H., & McCluskey, J. D. (in press). Causes of school bullying: Empirical test of a general theory of crime, differential association theory, and general strain theory. Crime and Delinquency.
  • Ostrowsky, K. M., & Messner, S. F. (2005). Explaining crime for a young adult population: An application of general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 33, 463-476.
  • Özbay, Ö. (2003). Merton's strain theory: Evidence from the high schools in Ankara. Cumhuriyet Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27, 59-76.
  • Özbay, Ö. (2008). Strain, social bonding theories and delinquency. Cumhuriyet Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 32, 1-16.
  • Özbay, Ö. (2011). Anadolu’da Bir Üniversite ve Kent: Niğde Üniversitesi ve Niğde. Ankara: Sözkesen Ofset.
  • Özbay, Ö. & Köksoy, O. (2009). Is low self control associated with violence among youth in Turkey. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53, 145-167.
  • Özbay, Ö. & Özcan, Y. Z. (2006). Classic strain theory and gender: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50, 21-38.
  • Paternoster, R., & Mazerolle, P. (1994). General strain theory and delinquency: A replication and extension. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 235-263.
  • Rebellon, J. C., Piquero, N. L., Piquero, A. R., & Thaxton, S. (2009). Do frustrated economic expectations and objective economic inequity promote crime? European Journal of Criminology, 6, 47-71.
  • Robbers, L. P. M. (2004). Revisiting the moderating effect of social support on strain: A gendered test. Sociological Inquiry, 74, 546-569.
  • Sharp, F. S., Brewster, D., & Love, S. R. (2005). Disentangling strain, personal attributes, affective response and deviance: A gendered analysis. Deviant Behavior, 26, 133-157.
  • Sigfusdottir, I., Farkas, G., & Silver, E. (2004). The role of depressed mood and anger in the relationship between family conflict and delinquent behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 509-522.
  • Simons, L. R., Chen, Y., Stewart, E. A., & Brody, G. H. (2003). Incidents of discrimination and risk for delinquency: A longitudinal test of strain theory with an African American sample. Justice Quarterly, 20, 827-854.
  • Slocum, A. L., Simpson, S. S., & Smith, D. A. (2005). Strained lives and crime: Examining intra-individual variation in strain and offending in a sample of incarcerated women. Criminology, 43, 1067-1110.
  • Tittle, R. C., Ward, D. A., & Grasmick, H. G. (2003). Self-control and crime/deviance: cognitive vs. behavioral measures. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, 333-365.
  • The International Intellectual Property Alliance Report. (2004). International intellectual property alliance 2004 special report 301 report: Turkey. Retrieved May 29, 2011 from the http://www.iipa.com/rbc/2004/ 2004SPEC301TURKEY.pdf
  • Vowell, R. P., & May, D. C. (2000). Another look at classic strain theory: Poverty status, perceived blocked opportunity, and gang membership as predictors of adolescent violent behavior. Sociological Inquiry, 70, 42-60.

DOES GENERAL STRAIN THEORY ACCOUNT FOR YOUTH DEVIANCE IN TURKEY?

Year 2011, Volume: 1 Issue: 1, 107 - 129, 05.04.2012

Abstract

Abstract: This study was aimed to explore whether General Strain Theory accounted for youth deviance in Turkey. The theory was tested by using a sample of 974 undergraduate university students in a correlational study. Youth deviance included piracy, bribery, and cheating. Of the total twelve strain variables used, half of them were statistically significant and had expected positive influences on the dependent variables. Anger was positively correlated only with one dependent variable. Most criminal and non-criminal coping variables had expected impacts on the deviant behavior. Overall, data gave some support for GST. Future tests of General Strain Theory should use more negative emotions, utilize an index of strain, be tested with males and females etc.

 Keywords: General Strain Theory, deviance, crime, youth, Turkey

References

  • Agnew, R. (1992). Foundation for a general strain theory of crime and delinquency. Criminology, 30, 47-87.
  • Agnew, R. (2006). Pressured Into Crime: An Overview of General Strain Theory, Los Angeles, CA: Roxbury Publishing Company.
  • Agnew, R. (2009). General Strain Theory: Current Status and Directions for Further Research In F. T. Cullen, J. P. Wright, & K. R. Blevins (Eds.), Taking Stock: The Status of Criminological Theory, Vol.15 (p. 101-121), New Brunswick: Transaction.
  • Agnew, R., & White, H. R. (1992). An empirical test of general strain theory. Criminology, 30, 475-499.
  • Agnew, R., Brezina, T., Wright, J. P., & Cullen, F. T. (2002). Strain, personality traits, and delinquency: Extending general strain theory. Criminology, 40, 43-72.
  • Aseltine, H. R., Jr., Gore, S., & Gordon, J. (2000). Life stress, anger and anxiety, and delinquency: An empirical test of general strain theory. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 41, 256-275.
  • Bao, W., Haas, A., & Pi, Y. (2004). Life strain, negative emotions, and delinquency: An empirical test of general strain theory in the people‘s republic of China. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 48, 281-297.
  • Bao, W., & Pi, Y. (2007). Life strain, coping, and delinquency in the people‘s republic of China: An empirical test of general strain theory from a matching perspective in social support. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 51, 9-24.
  • Baron, W. S. (2004). General strain, street youth and crime: A test of Agnew‘s revised theory. Criminology, 42, 457-438.
  • Baron, W. S. (2007). Street youth, gender, financial strain, and crime: Exploring Broidy and Agnew‘s extension to general strain theory. Deviant Behavior, 28, 273-302.
  • Baron, W. S. (2008). Street youth, unemployment, and crime: Is it that simple? Using general strain theory to untangle the relationship. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 50, 399-434.
  • Baron, W. S., & Hartnagel, T. F. (1997). Attributions, affect, and crime: Street youths‘ reactions to unemployment. Criminology, 35, 409-434.
  • Belknap, J., & Holsinger, K. (2006). The gendered nature of risk factors for delinquency. Feminist Criminology, 1, 48-71.
  • Benda, B. B., & Corwyn, R. F. (2002). The effect of abuse in childhood and in adolescence on violence among adolescents. Youth & Society, 33, 339-365.
  • Brezina, T., Piquero, Alex R., & Mazerolle, P. (2001). Student anger and aggressive behavior in school: An initial test of Agnew‘s macro-level strain theory. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 362-386.
  • Burton, S. V. Jr., & Gregory, D. (1994). Strain, Relative Deprivation, and Middle Class Delinquency In G. Barak (Ed.), Varieties of Criminology (p. 79-95). Westport: Praeger.
  • Burton, S. V. Jr., Cullen, F. T., Evans, T. D., & Dunaway, R. G. (1994). Reconsidering strain theory: Operationalization, rival theories, and adult criminality. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 10, 213-239.
  • Capowich, E. G., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (2001). General strain theory, situational anger, and social networks: An assessment of conditioning influences. Journal of Criminal Justice, 29, 445-461.
  • Daigle, E. L., Cullen, F. T., & Wright, J. P. (2007). Gender differences in the predictors of juvenile delinquency: Assessing the generality-specificity debate. Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice, 5, 254-286.
  • Eitle, D., & Turner, J. R. (2002). Exposure to community violence and young adult crime: The effects of witnessing violence, traumatic victimization, and other stressful life events. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39, 214-237.
  • Eitle, D., & Turner, J. R. (2003). Stress exposure, race, and young adult male crime. The Sociological Quarterly, 44, 243-269.
  • Eitle, D., Gunkel, S., & Gundy, K. V. (2004). Cumulative exposure to stressful life events and male gang membership. Journal of Criminal Justice, 32, 95-111.
  • Farnworth, M., & Leiber, M. J. (1989). Strain theory revisited: Economic goals, educational means, and delinquency. American Sociological Review, 54, 263-274.
  • Froggio, G., & Agnew, R. (2006). The relationship between crime and ―objective‖ versus ―subjective‖ strains. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 81-87.
  • Hay, C. (2003). Family strain, gender, and delinquency. Sociological Perspectives, 46, 107-135.
  • Hoffman, P. J., & Miller, A. S. (1998). A latent variable analysis of general strain theory. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 14, 83-110.
  • Hoffman, P. J., & Cerbone, F. G. (1999). Stressful life events and delinquency escalation in early adolescence. Criminology, 37, 343-374.
  • Hoffman, P. J., & Su, S. S. (1997). The conditional effects of stress on delinquency and drug use: A strain theory assessment of sex differences. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34, 46-78.
  • Jang, J. S., & Johnson, B. R. (2003). Strain, negative emotions, and deviant coping among African Americans: A test of general strain theory. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, 79-105.
  • Johnson, C. M, & Kercher, G. A. (2007). Adhd, strain, and criminal behavior: A test of general strain theory. Deviant Behavior, 28, 131-152.
  • Landau, F. S. (1998). Crime, subjective social stress and support indicators, and ethnic origin: The Israeli experience. Justice Quarterly, 15, 243-272.
  • Liu, X., R., & Lin, W. (2007). Delinquency among chinese adolescents: Modeling sources of frustration and gender differences. Deviant Behavior, 28, 409- 432.
  • Maxwell, R. S. (2001). A focus on familial strain: Antisocial behavior and delinquency in Pilipino society. Sociological Inquiry, 71, 265-92.
  • Mazerolle, P. (1998). Gender, general strain, and delinquency: An empirical examination. Justice Quarterly, 15, 65-91.
  • Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1997). Violent responses to strain: An examination of conditioning influences. Violence and Victims, 12, 323-343.
  • Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. (1998). Linking exposure to strain with anger: An investigation of deviant adaptations. Journal of Criminal Justice, 26, 195- 211.
  • Mazerolle, P., Burton, V. S., Jr., Cullen, F. T., Evans, D. T., & Payne, G. L. (2000). Strain, anger, and delinquent adaptations: Specifying general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 28, 89-101.
  • Mesch, S. G., Fishman, G., & Eisikovits, Z. (2003). Attitudes supporting violence and aggressive behavior among adolescents in Israel: The role of family and peers. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 18, 1132-1148.
  • Morash, M., & Moon, B. (2007). Gender differences in the effects of strain on the delinquency of South Korean youth. Youth & Society, 38, 300-321.
  • Moon, B., Blurton, D., & McCluskey, J. D. (2008). ―General strain theory and delinquency: Focusing on the influences of key strain charecteristics on delinquency.‖ Crime & Delinquency, 54, 582-613.
  • Moon, B., Hwang, H., & McCluskey, J. D. (in press). Causes of school bullying: Empirical test of a general theory of crime, differential association theory, and general strain theory. Crime and Delinquency.
  • Ostrowsky, K. M., & Messner, S. F. (2005). Explaining crime for a young adult population: An application of general strain theory. Journal of Criminal Justice, 33, 463-476.
  • Özbay, Ö. (2003). Merton's strain theory: Evidence from the high schools in Ankara. Cumhuriyet Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 27, 59-76.
  • Özbay, Ö. (2008). Strain, social bonding theories and delinquency. Cumhuriyet Universitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 32, 1-16.
  • Özbay, Ö. (2011). Anadolu’da Bir Üniversite ve Kent: Niğde Üniversitesi ve Niğde. Ankara: Sözkesen Ofset.
  • Özbay, Ö. & Köksoy, O. (2009). Is low self control associated with violence among youth in Turkey. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53, 145-167.
  • Özbay, Ö. & Özcan, Y. Z. (2006). Classic strain theory and gender: The case of Turkey. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 50, 21-38.
  • Paternoster, R., & Mazerolle, P. (1994). General strain theory and delinquency: A replication and extension. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 31, 235-263.
  • Rebellon, J. C., Piquero, N. L., Piquero, A. R., & Thaxton, S. (2009). Do frustrated economic expectations and objective economic inequity promote crime? European Journal of Criminology, 6, 47-71.
  • Robbers, L. P. M. (2004). Revisiting the moderating effect of social support on strain: A gendered test. Sociological Inquiry, 74, 546-569.
  • Sharp, F. S., Brewster, D., & Love, S. R. (2005). Disentangling strain, personal attributes, affective response and deviance: A gendered analysis. Deviant Behavior, 26, 133-157.
  • Sigfusdottir, I., Farkas, G., & Silver, E. (2004). The role of depressed mood and anger in the relationship between family conflict and delinquent behavior. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 33, 509-522.
  • Simons, L. R., Chen, Y., Stewart, E. A., & Brody, G. H. (2003). Incidents of discrimination and risk for delinquency: A longitudinal test of strain theory with an African American sample. Justice Quarterly, 20, 827-854.
  • Slocum, A. L., Simpson, S. S., & Smith, D. A. (2005). Strained lives and crime: Examining intra-individual variation in strain and offending in a sample of incarcerated women. Criminology, 43, 1067-1110.
  • Tittle, R. C., Ward, D. A., & Grasmick, H. G. (2003). Self-control and crime/deviance: cognitive vs. behavioral measures. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 19, 333-365.
  • The International Intellectual Property Alliance Report. (2004). International intellectual property alliance 2004 special report 301 report: Turkey. Retrieved May 29, 2011 from the http://www.iipa.com/rbc/2004/ 2004SPEC301TURKEY.pdf
  • Vowell, R. P., & May, D. C. (2000). Another look at classic strain theory: Poverty status, perceived blocked opportunity, and gang membership as predictors of adolescent violent behavior. Sociological Inquiry, 70, 42-60.
There are 57 citations in total.

Details

Primary Language English
Journal Section Sociology
Authors

Özden Özbay

Publication Date April 5, 2012
Published in Issue Year 2011 Volume: 1 Issue: 1

Cite

APA Özbay, Ö. (2012). DOES GENERAL STRAIN THEORY ACCOUNT FOR YOUTH DEVIANCE IN TURKEY?. Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli Üniversitesi SBE Dergisi, 1(1), 107-129.